| 900 BC | Etruscans possibly from Lydia appeared, possibly at the decline of the Hittitie Empire 1200 BC | |
| Etruscans settled north of the Tiber in Etruria, had Greek vases | ||
| Extended into Po Valley, Latium and Campania | ||
| ??? | Celtic invaders into the Po Valley, separated their northern settlements | |
| 760 | Greeks moved to Naples and Sicily, were prevented from moving west or south by Phoenicians and Etruscans | |
| 753 | Rome founded, traditionally by Romulus Legend has it he was a descendant of fugitives of the Trojan War, the God of Mars and Aphrodite the Goddess of Venus |
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| Legend Kings are Romulus, Pompolius, Hostilius and Marcius (753 to 616) | ||
| Government was elective, not hereditary Two classes were partricians (senate) & plebeians (commoners) |
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| 509 | Rome republic was founded | |
| 493 | Rome allied with Latin League, a federation of cities in Latium for war assistance, abandoned 338 | |
| 390 | Rome was sacked by the Gauls (Celts) under Brennus for seven months | |
| 367 | Four wars against the Gauls to 334 | |
| 300 | Etruscans absorbed by Rome who adopted their togas, mythology and religions | |
| 290 | Rome conquered Samnites, mountain people south of Rome | |
| 287 | Roman Plebeian's won right to hold office and legal equality | |
| 275 | Rome conquers Greek colony of Tarentum in south Italy, now controls most of Italy | |
| 264 | First Punic War to 241 - Rome and Carthage fight over control of Med Sea, Rome takes Sicily | |
| First Roman gladiator games | ||
| 219 | Second Punic Wars to 201 | |
| 218 | Hannibal of Carthage crosses Alps, reaches Rome 211 | |
| 215 | First Macedonian War: Philip of Macedonia with Hannibal and Carthagininas against Rome | |
| 148 | Fourth Macedonian War: Macedonia becomes a Roman provence | |
| 140 | Rome takes Macedonia, Greece, Anatolia, Balearic Islands and southern France | |
| 133 | Roman ally King Attalus III of Pergamum (now Turkey) died, leaves kingdom to Rome | |
| 100 | Julius Caesar invades Britain | |
| 71 | Spartacus leads slave revolts against Romans, Romans takes Seleucid empire | |
| 63 | Roman general Pompey conquers Jerusalem | |
| 60 | Pompey takes Turkey, Syria, Phoenicia, Palestine (date?) Senate refuses
to recognize Caesar, Pompey and Marcus Crassus form political alliance First Triumvirate |
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| 58 | Crassus dies in battle, Rome tries to divide Caesar and Pompey | |
| 55 | Caesar invades what is now British Isles, started in 54 and 55 | |
| 54 | Caesar's second expedition, he stormed Belgic hill fort and defeated King Cassivellanus near Canterbury, crossed the Thames near London, obtained submission form southern chieftains and returned to Rome | |
| 51 | Senate fears Caesar, asks him to resign, he refuses | |
| 50 | Caesar conquers Gaul and west of Rhine, crosses Rubicon to fight Pompey | |
| 49 | Caesar invades Italy, defeats Pompey in civil war | |
| 48 | Ptolemy XII killed in battle, Caesar forces to restore Cleopatra to the Egyptian throne | |
| 45 | Caesar sole Roman leader | |
| 44 | Caesar murdered by Roman leaders wanting return of Roman Republic | |
| 43 | Casesar's adopted son Octavian form second Triumvirate with Mark Antony and Marcus Lepidus, defeated Caesar's enemies. Octavian and Antony fight for Rome, push Lepidus aside | |
| 31 | Octavian, Caesar's nephew Mark Antony and Cleopatra at Battle of Actium Mark Antony commits suicide |
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| 30 | Egypt becomes Roman province Cleopatra committed suicide |
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| 30 | Octavian establishes Roman empire, takes role of the Emperor Augustus meaning "exhalted" preferred "first citizen" to "Emperor." Ruled to 14 AD | |
| 27 | Imperator Caesar Octavianus aka Augustus established his Roman govt Jan 23 | |
| 14 | Tiberus Claudius Nero took over Rome at Augustus' death | |